Abstract




The current study examines human beings versus nature in Robert Frost's and Ghani Khan's writings. Frost's contribution to nature is from English literature, whereas, Ghani Khan's anthology is an exceptional appreciation of nature from Pashto literature. Both of the literary figures illustrate nature and human's treatment of nature.  Ecocriticism is used as a lens to analyze the writings of Robert Frost and Ghani Khan.  Ghani Khan is labelled as a mad philosopher due to his unconventional writing style, perception of nature, and exotic expression of love. The enchanting beauty of nature and its mysterious hazards are different sides of a single coin in Frost's writings. Nature has prime importance in both of the glaring literary figures from America and Pakistan.

Key Words

Nature, Ecocriticism, human nature, love. Environment

Introduction

Robert Frost (1874-1963) is one of the eminent American Writers of the 20th century, his writings are apparently simple but his philosophical approach makes it complex to understand. His use of symbols, similes, and images makes his works philosophical and unconventional. His poetry illustrates nature and humanity and their nexus to each other. Nature is the prominent subject matter in Frost’s writings.  Similarly, Khan Abdul Ghani Khan?(1914-1996) is considered to be a significant literary figure in Pashto literature. He was a Pakistani artist, writer, poet, politician, and philosopher, he was the son of Abdul Ghafar Khan. Ghani Khan was born in Hashtnaghar, (a Frontier Tribal area of British Raj). Similar to Robert Frost, Ghani Khan's poetry is apparently simple and fascinating, but the apparently simple language of his writings is deceptive. He depicts nature in a highly philosophical way.  His philosophy concerning life, love, religion, and nature is exotic and unconventional. Being an advocate of nature, Khan always desires to live in the lap of nature with his beloved, away from the hectic of world life. Nature is pure, lovely, healing,  fascinating, and inclusive, whereas, there is hypocrisy, double standards, dishonesty, and greed in human nature, according to Khan's philosophy, therefore, he defines nature as the most adorable surrounding for poetic thinking.

 

Background

Environmental aspects in highlighted more than traditional subject matters in the works of 20th-century writers. The British form of ecocriticism is green studies which takes its pertinence from English Romantic poets, William Wordsworth is the leading literary figure, in regard to nature's appreciation in his works. The poetic works of William Wordsworth, S. T Coleridge, John Keats and other prominent poets are examined through ecocritical perspective in the 20th century by many critics of the stated movement. American writers play a major role in adopting ecocriticism as a mainstream medium of critique. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882), Walt Wittman (1819-1892), and Robert Frost are the prominent exponents of ecocritical writings. Nature has always been the major element in almost every piece of literature. Brooks, mountains flowers, sky, trees, and other factors can never be avoided in poetry. Robert Frost and Ghani Khan are remarkable in their inclusive approach towards nature. Nature is the core of their anthologies. They deal with nature in connection with humanity. Human nature and culture are sometimes reflected as hostile to nature in their works. The existence of nature is vital to humanity, similarly, poetry can never be produced without nature. Not only humans but also the other creatures on the planet Earth, couldn't survive without nature. "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening", "Two Tramps in Mud Time", "Mending Wall", and other short poems reflect nature as a symbol for various social, traditional, and cultural phenomena of human beings. 

Ghani Khan on the other hand idealizes nature as a perfect habitat to stay in, away from worldly affairs and responsibilities. Contrary to humans' selfishness, disloyalty, and frivolity, nature possesses distinctive traits of charm and simplicity, and it is the manifestation of God. Khan uses nature as a teacher of human beings, humans may learn purity, love, harmony, and simplicity from nature.

 

Ecocriticism

Ecocriticism is an avant-garde literary theory of the 20th century; it is used to interpret the literary text in terms of the significance of nature in it. Ecocriticism examines the relationship of humanity with nature. As it is affirmed in the study; ecocriticism examines the nexus between humans and nature in literature (Khalil & Ullah, 2023). The term “Ecocriticism” was originated in 1978 by William Rueckert in his work "Literature and Ecology: An Experiment in Ecocriticism". Ecocriticism is also named as green study, and echo poetics. Ecocriticism became prevalent through the publication of two striking works, both books are published in the mid-1990s, The Ecocriticism Reader by Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm, and The Environmental Imagination, by Lawrence Buell, (Literariness.org, 2016). Due to the vital significance of nature, 20th-century writers focus more on the aspects of nature in previous and current literary works.

Ecocriticism aimed to examine nature and its preservation initially but later on, it expands its horizon to various other elements of society. similar to Feminism, Ecocriticism is defined in three and sometimes four different developmental levels or waves. The first wave emphasizes on environmental aspect only, Eco-critics analyzed nature and its relationship with humanity. In order to combat hazards to nature, they centre nature in their writings. the second wave expands its scope to include marginalized communities around the world, and the critique of this wave exposes the exploitation of marginalized and colonized people. The third wave of Ecocriticism as literary theory, includes other human rights violations, such as ecofeminism and transgender, or gender discrimination etc. Nuri (2020) expresses his standpoint in his work in this regard; by including ethnicity, ecofeminism, environmental justice, postcolonialism, and transnationalism in the ecocritical studies, the second and third waves of ecocriticism have expanded the scope of ecocriticism. Nature has been a prominent factor in literature from the ancient to modern epochs. The researcher aims to examine the environmental factors, in terms of humanity's relationship to nature. The study's sole focus remains on nature, the researcher analyzes nature’s indispensable role in human life. 

Analysis of the Related Literature

The study analyses that nature and humans are inseparable from one another. Human society, culture, lifestyle, and excessive needs of people, cause the constant annihilation of nature; consequently, nature reacts in the form of floods, global warming, pollution, and countless diseases.  To William Wordsworth, "Poetry is a spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, recollected in tranquillity". Nature is the source of tranquillity in the writings of Romantic poets. The study examines that nature and its objects are indispensable to the creation of any poetic work, Right from Greek mythology to date, nature has seminal importance.  The literary piece of any writer is the persona of the writer in many respects.  The short poems of Robert Frost and Ghani Khan reflect their sheer love and sympathy for nature and its objects. They advocate nature's presence because nature is the crucial factor which invokes poetic thinking in their minds. 




The Reflection of Nature in Robert Frost's Poems

Robert Frost's works are distributed in different collections, each collection comprised of short poems. All of his short poems are written in simple and colloquial language. His poems deal with various phenomena of human beings but nature can be witnessed throughout his works in the background. In order to make his readers realize the significance of nature, Frost deliberately gives predominant space to nature in his poems. Frost collections are titled, North of Boston (1914), Mountain Interval (1916), New Hampshire (1923), West-Running Brook (1928), A Further Range (1937) and A Witness Tree (1942). 

Robert Frost's role is highly significant in reinforcing human's healthy relationship with nature. He is labelled as a transcendentalist by critics due to his incisive approach towards nature and God. He always places man in nature in his works, which reflects the permanent bond between human beings and nature. Frost is not oblivious to the human's destruction of the natural habitats of animals; the study reveals that he actively stood against the impending threat to nature. Frost is considered a classic of American poetry due to his simple and pastoral approach to his writings. He illustrates humans more strikingly than nature, which suggests that humans need to be humane towards nature. His inclusive approach towards nature reflects the importance of nature for humanity. Ambika (2021) rightly examines Frost's matchless inclination towards nature; She affirms that Frost's poems create an unforgettable impression of the enchanting existence of nature. Mountains high above man's head, valleys twisting to man's inquiring eye, roads, open or leaf-strewn, thick jungles, she further affirms; to Robert Frost nature is at once harsh and mild and man's relation to nature, as to his fellows, is both "together and apart.  Nature is independent, it can flourish without human beings, and it existed even before humanity. Humans, on the other hand, are dependent on nature, they cannot survive without nature, at the same time, man has to be aware of the power, mystery, and harshness of nature.  Robert Frost lived in the countryside of America throughout his life. including various jobs, he also got engaged in the poultry business in his village. As is stated; Frost's reflection on Realism has the quality to spark the realization of the substantial consequence of the adverse interaction between Man and Nature (Kabir & Jamil, 2020). The influence of nature on his writings is due to his intimacy with the pastoral environment. Frost's dealing with nature is different from Romantics, although he advocates nature's enchanting beauty, at the same time, his poetry depicts mysterious powers and hazards in nature. Although his approach towards nature is different from William Wordsworth's, yet love and harmony with nature are common between them. Frost asserts; that I have not written any poems without people in them (Frost, Mondal, 2022). Through various symbols from nature, he touches upon humans' behaviour and culture in relationship to nature. Robert Frost keeps nature as a major component in his poetry, but he makes his reader perceive the mystery and strength of nature through his poems. Frost is a philosopher and poet, his life in New England influenced him for his literary contributions. 

Frost’s Defamiliarizing and innovative approach makes him unconventional, and striking among all American poets. He depicts snow, mud time, trees, and orchards, in a very simple way, there is no traditional rhyming scheme in his poems, he uses simple and pastoral language. W. H. Davis, John Keats, and the Pre-Raphaelites simply sensed nature, for Keats nature is a "thing of beauty is a joy forever". P.B. Shelley, Walt Whitman, and Dos Passos are the great exponents of nature  Others like, Henry James, Hardy, Edgar Allan Poe, Wordsworth, and Herman Melville loved nature, to them nature displays significant voices sand mixed within them with the philosophical tone. Robert Frost's perspective on nature is the merger of all. Sometimes, he just observes the charm of nature: in other poems, he finds sacred reflection in it, some other times he finds nature a depiction of man's soul. But he doesn't perceive nature out of nature. A snowfall, a spring thaw, a leaning tree, a valley drizzle, these are brought not to, but into, the experience of the reader (Schneider, Mondal, 2022). Mankind and nature are the different sides of a single coin, their survival is based on firm and healthy relationships. 

Human beings gradually invite their own destruction by consent intervention with the ecosystem. Hybridization of plants and animals on a massive scale takes place in almost all of the developed countries, which may lead to the extinction of pure species of animals and plants. The recent developments in science and technology are not only causing fatal environmental issues to the planet Earth, but they pollute outer space as well.  Scientists eliminate the natural habitats of animals by intervening with the ecosystem of the universe. They are searching for another planet to live on, but ironically, the current living space on Earth is being destroyed in many ways.

Robert Frost is commended for being an exponent of nature and mankind's loving and firm relationship with it. His simple language and the depiction of mountains and landscapes in his poems are noteworthy in terms of the importance of nature. Peter Barry argues that Eco-centred reading aims to focus on the outside, rather than the inside. According to Peter Barry, readers may wrongly stick around psychological elements to delineate the outer environment. Barry's assertion is likely to be seen in Frost's disturbing nature by making a wall to create a gap between nature and people in "Mending Wall".  Nature retaliates when humans try to intervene in its ecosystem. This is what Frost Reflected in "Mending Wall". In "Stopping by Woods on Snowy Evening" nature's charm surfaced to reinforce the role of nature in human" lives. "Acquainted with the Night" also reflects the absence of urban style and the presence of a countryside environment. All of the stated poems echo nature hand in hand with mankind (Kabir & Jamil. 2020). Robert Frost's "Mending Wall" echoes the sheer purity of nature. The poet tries to assure his neighbor, that nature doesn't like intervention. Its mysterious power makes the wall fall down in such a frequent way, that they have to mend it over again in every spring season.  Frost masterly illustrates human conflict with nature in many of his poems. In "Mending Wall", he teasingly asks his neighbour "I have apples, and you have pine trees, they would not walk across, to disturb each other's privacy. The poet asks his neighbour the reason for mending wall. The neighbour lucidly responds "good fences make good neighbours". That is what the neighbour remembered from his ancestors. Frost accurately portrays human conflict in nature, and how they avoid neighbours building fences (Mondal, 2022). 

In ”Road not Taken" from "Mountain Interval" (1916), nature is used in a figurative way, the metaphor of the Road, suggests readers make a clear decision in the complexities of life. The poet is perplexed at the divergence, and where to turn. He ultimately opted to travel on the less travelled road. That is how he goes against the majority. Making a distinctive and different decision is not an easy job, there is always a risk in going against the tradition, but that is the only way to make oneself known among the crowd. The yellow woods reflect nature in "Road not Taken".  Robert Frost mirrors the lives of common folk and their predicaments. Living in the countryside, he realistically sketches simple people and their simple problems in everyday life. Alvarez considers Robert Frost, a pastoral poet who describes the life of unassertive denizens in the countryside with their works (Shahnawaz, 2022). His simple diction makes his works understandable to common readers. Common people can relate his works to pastoral life throughout the world. Although nature has vital importance in his writings, he doesn't romanticize every object of nature. William Wordsworth. perceives nature with medicinal power to heal us mentally, but Frost isn't oblivious to the mysteries of nature.  "Acquainted with the Night" paints the psyche of human beings, there are many things which can't be shared with people. The poet walks at night, but he tries to avoid being noticed by other people. Maybe he isn't willing to share the reason for his night walk with people. Night is symbolically used as a dark aspect of nature, which cannot be easily removed by artificial illuminations. The act of dropping his eyes, "unwilling to explain," expresses the speaker's hesitation to give a clear and precise cause for his nocturnal walk (Arroyo, 1974). The poet goes out at night, but he isn't clear whether it's right or wrong to be out at night. Sometimes challenges and hurdles caused by nature put us in harsh conditions, humans have to be strong enough to survive. This is how Frost exhibits his philosophical mind in his verses. The apparent simplicity is highly deceptive, his philosophy offers countless interpretations, open to critique of the postmodern world. Mondal (2022) examines Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening a poem which is highly acclaimed by Malcolm Cowley, and Lionel Trilling for its ecocritical illustration of fascinating nature. Both of the critics examine how the poet is moved by the hypnotizing beauty of nature, the poet is willing to stay within the fold of nature even till late evening. The woods are fascinating and adorable, but at the same time, they are dark and deep as well. Beauty and mystery of nature are illustrated in a realistic way. The poem suggests to its readers that woods are so attractive, they have a magnetic force to catch you in their lap, but be aware of the sinister and mysterious elements of nature.

Abdul Ghani Khan’s Illustration of Nature

Poets and philosophers play vital roles to underpin the importance of nature. Both English and Pashto literary figures have a distinctive share, in appreciating and highlighting the importance of nature. Pashto literature is one of the World's literatures, which play a pivotal role in regard to nature and its pastoral aspect. As stated here; by Ahmad et al. (2021) Ghani Khan was a highly romantic and strong believer and admirer of beauty and nature. In the naturalistic illustration in his poems, he reflects his love for nature and God.  Similar to Robert Frost, Ghani Khan's works are written in simple language, they can be understood by even common Pushto-speaking people. His rustic language is apparently easy, but his deeper and philosophical approach makes it really complex to interpret his poems in a single direction. He deals with the culture, tradition, religion, and social norms of modern Eastern society through private and traditional symbols of nature. 

Khan denounces traditional norms in Pakistani culture, he exposes so-called religious people who use religion for their worldly benefits, he compares the stated elements of society with the honesty and purity of various objects of nature. In most of his poems, he names so-called religious people as "Sheikh". Ghani Khan expresses his ecstasy and passionate affiliation with the Pashto language and culture in his numerous poems. Khan loves the pastoral lifestyle of Pashtuns.  Pashtun people have an intrinsic intimacy towards nature because many of them live in northern areas of Pakistan, that part of the land is full of lush green meadows, and sky-touching mountains. 

Nature influenced Pashtuns in such a way that they name their children after the names of various wild creatures; the name of 'Baz khan' eagle, an acute sight bird, is associated with the male gender due to its intense eyesight trait. Pashtu Eco's name 'Balbela' is a nightingale which is associated with melodious and sweet sounds (Khalil & Ullah, 2023). Apart from Robert Frost, Ghani Khan's love and close affinity with nature is compared to John Keats's perspective of nature. "Ode on Grecian Urn", "Ode to Autumn", and "Ode to Nightingale" by John Keats are greatly similar to Ghani Khan's poetry.  

Khan sketches nature and its connection with humanity in multiple ways. In his poem “Spring/Sparley" Khan depicts nature as a spinster and barren in the season of autumn, but the arrival of spring changes everything. Every object of nature brings new life to the creatures of earth. Flowers, greenery, and enchanting weather are great sources of comfort to humanity. Ghani Khan's use of metaphorical expressions like 'barren and 'dejected' shows his firm inclination towards nature, he sees the existence and survival of everything in it (Iqbal et al., 2022). 

Ghani Khan believes in simplicity and honesty, he isn't interested in worldly luxuries and positions. His inclination towards simple and pure life in poetry is due to his intimacy towards nature. Nature and animals living in woods know the language of love, and ownness even better than humans, therefore, khan prefers to stay away from human society. He expresses his love towards those people who have attributes of nature in them. He hates those who pretend to be pious but under the masks, they are devilish in nature. Iqbal, et al. (2022) examine Khan's poetry "Latoon Da Ghani” Kulyat au Nawe Kalam's" Search of Ghani" on three different categories in relation to nature, physical, intellectual, and metaphysical. 

Khan is taken away from the world of fancy by the presence of nature. Khan's unconditional love and affiliation are analyzed in the stated lines; in his renowned poem "Music", Ghani Khan has illustrated a picture of the natural rhythm which exists in nature and solaces his soul. He perceives harmony, sweet melody, and candour in nature, which provides him with the same peace as music does (Khan et al., 2020). 

 Nature is capable of taking us away from the hectic worldly life to serene imaginations, Romantic poets most often present the world of fairies, ghosts, and exotic creatures in their works. Similarly, Ghani Khan is also caught by the charm and beauty of nature in such a way that he reflects his imaginative and ideal world in his poems, but he doesn't stay longer in his fancy world. Besides his peculiar world, he pins down the harsh reality of current society as it is argued that; Ghani Khan is a poet whose poems are written mostly in an imaginative manner. Nonetheless, he has not ignored philosophical thoughts in his poetry as well (Safa, Sahand, 2022). 

In "When Man Sets Down in Dust" poem, khan expresses his philosophical thoughts. the poem suggests that our life is too short to be proud of, worldly beauty and possessions belong to no one permanently, therefore, one needs to be humble and stay connected to earth in a very humble way. Khan advocates simplicity, humbleness, sincerity, and love, he finds these traits in flowers, brooks of fresh water, stars, moon, and the spring season. Khan prays to God in his poem "King", that "give me a beautiful beloved, and small garden near a river, instead of kingship. he disliked power and abuse of power in the poem and preferred a simple life in the lap of beautiful nature in the poem. It can be observed in nature that it rewards humans back for their efforts, we sow seeds, water plants, and protect them from harsh environments, as a result, we receive food, vegetables, fruits and countess other benefits from nature. humans need to learn generosity, selflessness, and kindness from nature. they never keep their fruits, vegetables and oxygen for themselves, they always share their contributions with others, on the other hand, human beings take a lot from nature, but we give many toxic things back to nature, such as deforestation, destroying habitats of wild animals, contaminating fresh water and so on. ecocritical view of literature counters the impending dangers to nature in various genres of literature. 

The qualitative research technique is applied in the present work. The researcher selected the study through a purposive sampling technique. Academic writings are written in a standard way of writing; therefore, the researcher followed some integral steps to develop the work in a precise and systematic way. Short poems are selected from the writings of Robert Frost and Ghani Khan, which are relevant to the selected research problem. The works of Ghani Khan and Robert Frost are used as Primary sources, whereas, other relevant texts are collected through the internet in the form of research articles, thesis, books and other academic writings, as a secondary source of the study. 

American Psychological Association is a set standard, which is normally adopted for research writings worldwide. The researcher applied APA as a writing style in the present work. The writings of Robert Frost and Ghani Khan are the primary sources, which are examined through the lens of Ecocriticism. 

Analysis of the text from Robert Frost’s and Ghani Khan’s poems

The researcher investigates the short poem of Robert Frost and Ghani Khan, from the perspective of nature. Frost and Khan use nature as various literary devices such as metaphor, simile, personification, and juxtapositions to represent a number of elements of human society. Frost adores nature, and lives his life in pure natural surroundings in New England, America. Frost's inclusive way of nature and humanity through his simple and philosophical verses, is noteworthy. Robert Frost is highly fascinated by the enchanting beauty of nature in "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening". The poet wishes to stay in the woods on a snowy evening to enjoy the serenity and beauty of nature, but he has some responsibilities to accomplish before he relaxes. "The woods are lovely, dark, and deep, But I have promises to keep,……and miles to go before I sleep" (Frost, 1923). If the poet were William Wordsworth, he would stay longer there, to forget worldly affairs, but Frost has a realistic standpoint in this regard. Frost admires the beauty of nature, but he is mindful of its mysterious strength which can be harmful as well. His works suggest that nature and Human beings are integral parts of one another.  Apart from nature, there is no way to get physical healing or mental calmness. Frost appreciates nature in his other poem "North of Boston" poetry. ”After Apple-Picking" is one of multiple poems of Frost which catches the reader's attention due to his sensuous depiction of nature. The stated lines are noteworthy in regard to nature's glorification. "I didn't pick upon some bough. But I am done with apple-picking now…" (Frost, 1914).

Frost lashes upon urbanization and the Industrial Revolution in his poem "A Brook in The City" (1920), a brook which once was the symbol of force and power of nature, but now it is extremely weak. The time would come, when people would see this brook only in maps. Meadows, trees and other natural objects are cemented down in the paved streets of the city. Human society is rapidly expanding from villages to towns and cities, and animals are vanishing at a similar speed according to the poem "A Brook in The City".  

He expresses his deeper concern with nature and the changing attitude of humans towards nature.  Frost exhibits a beautiful blend of human and nature in his poem "A Girl's Garden" (1916), it looks as if she is a part of the charming nature around her. A young girl requests her father to provide her with a small piece of land for gardening. Her father delightedly gives her a small barren land. She works hard, brings dung for nutrition, plains the land, and ultimately succeeds in sowing different vegetables and fruit plants. Her hard work makes her realize the condition of farmers.  Romantic poets especially John Keats and William Wordsworth mirror beautiful girls in nature in a similar way.  In his other poem "Road not Taken" from "Mountain Interval", he uses the road metaphorically, which suggests various interpretations. "Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, and sorry I could not travel both," (Frost, 1915). The poet walks on the road in yellow woods, here woods again suggest nature. Nature is always there in the backdrop in Frost's writings. "Tree at My Window" is another praiseworthy contribution, in which the poet expresses his deeper connection with nature. "window tree My sash is lowered when night comes on" (Frost, 1928). He doesn't lower the curtain to have a constant sight of nature all the time. "The Oven Bird" is a short poem, which illustrates the beauty, and pure sight of nature. "There is a singer everyone has heard, Loud, a mid-summer and a mid–wood bird" (Frost, 1916). The poet pinned down his strong affiliation with nature. He loves to hear singing and chattering birds in the woods. "Two Tramps in Mud Time" (1934) is another short poem in which Frost reflects on nature, he chops woods in front of his house leisurely, meanwhile two lumberjacks pass by, looking at him in such a way that as if the poet is taking their job. The setting of the poem sketches the countryside life of every common man. Frost makes it clear in his works that nature and man need to stay in a balanced connection. Simple subject matter, pastoral elements, everyday language, and symbols of nature in his poems reveal that Robert Frost not only adores nature but also highlights the vital significance of nature for humanity. 

Ghani Khan is no less than Robert Frost in his firm connection with nature. He sees purity, calmness, and love in nature. Khan perceives nature as a medium to stay firm in his religion. He sees nature as an agent to meet directly with God. Similar to William Blake (1757-1827) he uses nature in his works to deliver his message through numerous symbols. Khan uses flowers, deserts, brooks, and mountains in his own distinctive style. For Khan nature is pure due to its single face, human beings wear masks on their face to hide their actual essence, especially those who use religion as a business.  In his poem "Poppy Flower" he compares himself with the lonely poppy flower in the desert. He says to the flower "Unluckily you are all alone in this desert, and so am I". "With a radiant smile, a flower so fair; Sadly, I approached and sighed, “Ah! Of my kind Are you too – a hapless flower from a beloved's hair". (Khan, 1944). Ghani Khan expresses his love for nature in these words; "It was an enchanting night in spring, Alive with sparkling and shimmering stars; The pretty moon stood still in wonder” (Khan, 1944). Khan loves nature in such a way that his writings are inseparable from nature, in his other poem, “Sparly/Spring” Khan adored nature in these words; “Come and look my beloved, the darkness has been changed into light. A new spring has arrived in our world, flower has been created.” (Khan, 1944). Rahul Aihaz (2016) states; that Khan's "Reidi Gul/Poppy Flower” add essence to ‘Janaan/Beloved. Aijaz expressed his insights on the poem, in Tribune Newspaper, by saying, that khan’s comparison of poppy flower with himself has deeper meaning. “Jannan" is a name of Pakistani film which is written under the influence of Khan's poem "Poppy Flower" He further added that just like a poppy flower, standing all alone in desert, Pashtun nation stood firm the test of time in harsh conditions of terrorism in the recent past in Northern areas of Pakistan. A major portion of Khan's anthology deals with nature, he sees love, the divine, God, and pure relationship in nature. Khan's strong bond with nature is due to the fact, that most of the Pashtun live in the mountains and countryside.

Conclusion

A comprehensive analysis of Robert Frost's works and Ghani Khan's poetry are highly relevant in Ecocriticism.  They depicted nature and humans' connection. Human beings don't live in harmony with nature, therefore, nature retaliates back to humanity.  Both of the legendary figures from America and the East contributed a lot to advocate the prime place of nature on the planet Earth. Both of them place nature in the backdrop or as a major object in their writings. The researcher examines that any fatal hazard to nature from human beings would lead to the annihilation of life on the planet Earth. Frost and Khan adored nature due to its endless services to humanity. Powerful feelings and recollection need tranquillity according to Wordsworth, and tranquillity is possible only in the lap of nature. Poets have played a very significant role in highlighting nature's beauty and its integrity in human society. the ecocritical lens of analyzing literature reinforces the vital position of nature and its objects. Not only Robert Frost and Ghani Khan, but almost all the poets around the world keep nature in a major position in their writings, therefore, nature's relationship to humanity cannot be neglected. The current world is on the verge of breaking the previously established firm ties with nature, the outbreak of various pandemic diseases, drastic environmental changes, and mental disturbance are due to humans' violation of the basic rules of relationships. We take a lot from nature but we don't return, on the other hand, trees absorb humans' carbon dioxide and provide oxygen, which is vital for our existence. 

People lived in harmony with nature in ancient times, they affiliated themselves with nature as an integral part of their tradition. The desire for more takes place in human beings with the passage of time, which makes them stand against nature. Capitalists take only their consumers into consideration, their share in nature's destruction is more than any other component of current society. The researcher suggests that strict measures should be taken to redevelop a healthy relationship between nature and humanity. Literary people already play a vital role in this regard, but people from other walks of life should contribute more to preserve nature as much as possible.

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