A risk can be defined as an uncertain future event that could have an effect on the goals that are being pursued. According to Kaplan and Garrick's (1981) definition of risk, it is present whenever the outcome is unsure. Risk is an inherent feature of the environment in which a variety of different companies carry out their operations. It takes into account both the good and the negative effects on the goals of the company. Although there is some degree of unpredictability in any firm, the nature of the operations that financial institutions engage in exposes them to certain kinds of risk (Khan and Ahmed, 2001).

Background

Because the activity in the financial sector is susceptible to both internal and external environmental influences, a significant level of uncertainty and risk is present. There is always an element of danger involved with financial dealings of any kind. The chance is often categorised using a few different approaches. First and foremost, it is necessary to differentiate between financial risk and business risk. in our own method, we break the chance down into its component parts, which are systematic risk and unsystematic risk. Despite the fact that banks have always been exposed to risk, active risk management in conventional banking (CB) did not begin until the early 1990s. This was especially true after the failure of the Barings PLC bank. This practice is still in its infancy in Islamic banking (IB), which began its global practical implementation in the 1970s. Despite this, the banking sector has been hit hard by the current subprime mortgage crisis, which resulted in a number of bank failures, losses of multiple billions of dollars, and write-offs across the globe. Because of this difficulty, the significance of effective risk management has become more apparent.

In Pakistan, we have two different kinds of banking systems: Islamic banking and conventional banking (Khattak, Ullah and Ullah, 2013). IBs adhere to the standards established by Shariah, which forbids them from earning interest; instead, their revenue comes from the profit obtained from trading. IBs are liable for losses along with both the lenders and the borrowers (Habib, 2015). Both international banks (IBs) and central banks (CBs) will have to contend with risks that fall into one of two categories: financial risks and non-financial hazards. Credit risk, liquidity risk, and market risk are the three subcategories that fall under the umbrella of financial risk. Non-financial risks, on the other hand, include legal risks, operational risks, and regulatory risks (Gleason et al., 2000).

Now a day’s, the concept of modernization has made life so much fast, due to which risk become so much higher in the financial and non-financial sectors. In the financial sector, banking become so much changed and is also gets affected by the modern environment so this is the reason that to mitigate the higher risk new techniques need to be introduced. People don’t want to take higher risks but they want to maximize their profits at the optimum level. For this rationale, risk management departments/institutions start to measure the risk levels and try to make new and modern techniques to mitigate them as much as possible because the risk is the only key factor which has a long life with the business and investments so as much as the business and investments are secured the investors get confidences regarding their profits and the business cycle will go on. Tohmatsu (2005) observe that the financial institution approach the slandered Basel II. KPMG International (2004) and Moore (2009) conduct a study and advised in their research that if a financial institution wants to save itself from crises they defiantly change the behaviour and culture under which risk management is going on. There are a group of studies which was conducted on risk management practices of conventional banks, such as Harahap (2003); Al-Tamimi and Al-Mazrooei (2007); Hossain (2008); Alam and Masukujjaman (2011); Oliveira et al. (2011); Anam et al. (2012); Savvides and Savvidou (2012)and Selma, Rim, Abdelghani and Rajhi (2013). On the other hand, there are few studies that were conducted on risk management practices of Islamic financial institutions, such as Sundararajan and Errico (2002); Hassan (2009); Khalid and Amjad (2012); Ariffin (2012) and Darmadi (2013). Mohd Ariffin (2005) conducts research based on risk reporting and disclosure in Islamic banks. Khan and Ahmad (2001) conduct research which is totally focused on the risk management of Islamic banks.

Research Questions

By keeping in view this research study explains the following research questions;

1. To what extent do banks in Pakistan use risk management strategies and procedures when dealing with various types of risks?

2. How do IBs and CBs differ from one another in terms of how much market risk they use?

3. To what extent do IBs and CBs use the results of stress testing differently?

4. How do IBs and CBs differ from one another in terms of how much credit risk exposure they use?

5. How do IBs and CBs differ from one another in their use of credit portfolio analysis techniques?

6. To what extent do IBs and CBs use credit risk reduction strategies differently?

7. How do IBs and CBs differ from one another in their use of operational risk management tools?

Khan and Ahmed (2001) conducted research into the methods of risk management utilized by Islamic financial institutions at the beginning of the twenty-first century. 17 Islamic financial institutions from each of the ten nations were chosen to participate in the research study so that the objectives of the study could be met. According to the findings of the study, it is not possible to hedge Murabah contracts easily by employing the various instruments and techniques associated with risk management. Al-Tamimi (2002) conducted research into the different risk management strategies that are utilized by commercial banks in the United Arab Emirates. A study that was based on Basel II, pillar 3, was carried out by Baumann and Nier in 2003. The goal of the study was to investigate transparency rules that make it easier for market participants to evaluate the worth of banks. Their findings indicate that a higher practice of disclosure leads to a rise in market value as well as the usefulness of company accounts in anticipating valuations and a reduction in stock volatility. An investigation into the methods of risk management utilized by Bangladesh's commercial banks was carried out by Alam and Masukujjaman (2011) in the context of their research project. One of the most important takeaways from the research was that financial institutions in Bangladesh use a three-layer risk management approach. Tafri, Rahman, and Umar (2011) completed a study that was quite similar to this one in order to examine comparative analysis of the risk management strategies utilized by Islamic and commercial banks. A study by Abedifar et al. (2012) was carried out by collecting 553 observations from 24 different nations. They have shown that Shariah-compliant institutions have a lower credit risk compared to regular banks, and they have also established that Islamic financial institutions are more stable than conventional financial institutions when it comes to the risk of insolvency. Khalid and Amjad (2012) investigated the risk management practices of Islamic banks by employing a variety of strategies for several categories of risk. The authors came to the conclusion that Islamic banks confront a number of hazards that are distinct from those posed by conventional banks due to the fact that Islamic banks offer a wider variety of products to the general public than conventional banks do. Zadeh and Eskandari (2012) have published the findings of a study that they did on the topic of financial risk disclosure information in Malaysian companies. According to the findings that they obtained, the level of financial risk disclosure in the Malaysian context is very low, with a score of 38 out of a possible 100 points. A study was carried out by Hussain and Al-Ajmi (2012) to investigate the contrast in the approaches to risk management that the Islamic banking system and the commercial banking system in Bahrain take. The conclusion that can be drawn from the findings of the study is that the levels of risk that Islamic banks in Bahrain are exposed to are noticeably higher than those of conventional banks. Said, D. (2013) conducted a study on the hazards that are present in Islamic banking systems in the MENA Region and how efficient they are. The purpose of this study is to analyse how Islamic banks' levels of risk and levels of efficiency are related to one another. The research conducted by Selma Mokni, Echchabi, Azouzi, and Rachdi (2014) looked into the specifics of how Islamic banks in the MENA region measure and deal with the various risks they face. The significance of this study lies in the fact that it entails conducting an investigation of the conventional methods of risk management utilized by Islamic financial institutions. Shariah law adheres to both conventional and Islamic financial institutions operating inside Bangladesh's banking system, which scales the management of liquidity risk. In this study, Rahman and Hasanul-Banna (2016) wanted to analyse the comparative comparison between the two banks as their primary objective. The model has already been developed by Akhter and Sadaqat (2011), and these researchers also employ the linear regression model that they developed. A research project on the credit risk management and appraisal procedure of Nagpur banks was carried out by Mishra and Naidu (2016). The researcher gains new knowledge on how theoretical financial analysis is recycled during the process of loan valuation thanks to this study. The researcher will make their decisions based on the process description, the rules, and the approach.

By keeping in view previous studies, the following research hypothesis needed to be addressed.

H1: Is there a major difference between IBs and CBs in the extent to which market VaR is utilized?

H2: Is there a major difference between IBs and CBs in the extent to which stress test data are utilized?

H3: Is there a major difference between IBs and CBs in terms of credit risk exposure utilization?

H4: Is there a substantial difference between IBs and CBs in the extent to which credit portfolio analysis procedures are utilized?

H5: Is there a major difference between IBs and CBs in the extent to which credit risk mitigation techniques are utilized?

H6: Is there a substantial difference between IBs and CBs in terms of operational risk management tool utilization?

H7: Is there a major difference between IBs and CBs in terms of the adequacy of risk management systems and tools?

The banking industry of Pakistan served as the subject population for this study. All of the banks in Pakistan that are authorised to provide Islamic and conventional banking services within the nation are included in the study's sample frame. For the purpose of generalising the findings of the study in regard to risk management, only the scheduled banks are being taken into consideration.

Market Risk Management

This part of the analysis presents the approach applied by the banks to the market risk capital, the extent of the use of market risk VaR and the use of the results resulting from stress. Table 1 discusses the approach to market risk regulatory capital used by conventional and Islamic banks in Pakistan.

Table 1. Approach Used for Determining Market Risk Regulatory Capital

A standard approach is mostly used by the IBs and CBs in Pakistan, with an overall 90.2 per cent, followed by internal model-Parametric VaR (7.8 per cent) and internal model-Historical Simulation VaR (2.0 per cent). However, simulation VaR and Internal model-Monte Carlo VaR are not used for determining. To measure the extent of VaR use of market risk in the case of fixed interest, equity, asset-backed securities, foreign exchange, commodity and catastrophe or other event-driven instruments, the following applies to each type of bank: Table 2

Table 2. Frequency of Responses for the Level of Usage of Market Risk VaR

Table 3. Results of ANOVA for Market Risk VaR according to Types of Banks

Table 3. The findings presented in the table indicate that there is no statistically significant difference between Islamic banks and conventional banks in terms of the amount to which market risk VaR is used. Therefore, the first hypothesis, which proposes that IBs and CBs employ market risk VaR in significantly different ways, cannot be supported and must be rejected. The following table illustrates how the results of stress tests are used: to communicate them to top management; to understand the risk profile of the company; to determine limitations; to initiate further analyses, and to allocate economic capital according to the type of bank.

Table 4. Frequency of Responses

Table 5. Results of ANOVA for Usage of Stress testing across bank Types

Table 6. LSD Test for the Usage of Stress Testing Results across Bank Types

The table gives an overview of the frequency of stress testing usage in the Trading and Banking book. The majority of the banks use stress resulting for both trading and banking books on a monthly basis with 52.9 per cent and 64.7 per cent respectively followed by the quarterly usage of stress testing frequency.

Frequency of Analysis Used for ALM Reporting Purposes (in %age)

Frequency of Internal Rating Benchmarking by your Bank (in %age)

88.9 per cent of traditional banks use the standardized approach, 5.6 per cent the foundation approach, and another 5.6 per cent the advanced internal rating approach.

Table 7. Approach Used for Calculating Capital Regulatory Requirement for Credit Risk across Types of Banks

Table 8. Distribution of Usage of Own Credit Risk Models Across Bank Types

Table 9. Frequency of Responses of Method Used in Managing Credit Risk Exposure Methods

Table 10. Reaction Rates to Questions about Credit Portfolio Analysis

Table 11. Credit Risk Mitigation Method Response Frequency

Table 11. The ANOVA results in the table also demonstrate that there are no appreciable differences between commercial banks and Islamic banks in terms of how credit risk exposure, loan portfolio analysis, and credit risk mitigation are used. As a result, H3, H4, and H5 assert that Islamic and conventional banks apply different approaches to credit risk exposure, loan portfolio analysis, and credit risk reduction, respectively.

Table 12. ANOVA of credit risk exposure, portfolio analysis, and mitigation methods across bank types.

The results for the three distinct kinds of financial institutions were averaged and compared using an ANOVA test. These findings are presented in table 12, which also illustrates the statistically significant difference in tool usage at the 10% level.

Table 13. Analyzing the Variance Test Outcomes for Operational Risk Management Tool Adoption across Bank Types

According to the results of the further analyses presented in Table 4.17, H6 cannot be dismissed since there is a statistically significant difference between the use of Islamic banks and both types of traditional banks. As seen in Table 4.17, there is a notable variation in the prevalence of using conventional banks, as shown by the following analyses described therein. The conclusion that conventional banks are more advanced than Islamic banks in using these technologies can be drawn. This is because the aforementioned resources are superior in nature.

Table 14. Result of LSD Test for the Usage of Operational Risk Management according to Types of Banks

The respondents believed that the following are the factors that motivate banks to undertake operational risk management practices.

§ Response to the regulatory activity

§ Undertaking operational activity develops a competitive edge over the competitors

§ Response to audit requirements

§ Reaction to loss events, either internal or external

Table 15 represents the phase of implementation of operational risk management in the selected scheduled banks. Only one bank is not implementing operational risk management practices currently.

Table 15. A phase of Implementation of Operational Risk Management in your Bank

Table 16. Operational Risk Management Structure does your Bank Characterize

Table 17. Statistics that provide a descriptive account of the degree to which banks' risk management tools and systems are adequate

Table 18. The findings of an analysis of variance conducted on the appropriateness of risk management tools and systems in relation to risk management practices in banks are shown here.

Respondents Profile

Gender

Table 19 shows how many genders respondents filled out the research questionnaire. In this survey, 80.4 per cent of the respondents are men, while the remaining 19.6 per cent are women, who provide valuable suggestions and feedback regarding the study.

Age

Table 20 below shows the respondent’s age profile that filled the instrument for the data collection. The major crunch of respondents belongs to the age group of 35-44 years and the second highest percentage is of respondents belonging to the age group 25-34 which shows that most experienced personnel filled the instrument. There is 29.4 per cent of respondents aged between 25-34 years, 68.6 per cent of respondents fall in the age group of 35 to 44 years, and 2.0 per cent in the age group of 55 to 64 years.

Education

The profile of the respondents relating to their educational qualifications is given in the table below. The majority of the respondents, almost 90 per cent have a Master's degree or above, while 10 per cent of respondents have a bachelor’s degree. This shows that respondents who had a higher level of education are more careers oriented in the risk management department of the banks.

Qualification Specialization

30 respondents have a finance background, 9 respondents have accounting expertise, 5 with economics and 6 respondents have business administration specialization. Whereas out of 51 respondents, 39 respondents have CFA and 12 have also got FRM professional qualifications besides a master's/bachelor’s degree.

Table 23. Professional Qualification

Conclusion

Preventing risk is better than anticipating it. Excellent risk management identifies and treats risks. Banking risk management is crucial. Because the institution wants to maximize profits and shareholder value. Wealth maximization requires risk management. Many institutions are rethinking risk management models. A risk management strategy and framework were developed, and the institution's willingness to take risks was authorized. The purpose of risk management is to minimize losses and enhance gains. Pakistan is home to two separate financial institutions. In contrast to conventional banking, Islamic banking is based on sharia law and operates without charging interest. Traditional banks generate money by lending it out and passing on the risk to their customers in the form of interest. Adequate capacity to survive and manage risks is also vital for banks to efficiently finance economic activities, especially the duty of providing credit to a large number of firms whose operations support the economic process. Risk management practices of conventional and Islamic banks in Pakistan are compared in this research., including market, credit, and operational risks. This study compares Islamic and normal banks' use of VaR, stress testing outcomes, credit risk mitigation measures, and operational risk management tools. This research also studies Islamic banking's risk management methods and procedures, especially human capital capacity in risk measurement.

The population of the study is the banking (Islamic and Conventional) sector of Pakistan. The sample frame for the study is all scheduled banks of Pakistan to control Islamic and standard banking services within the country. The sample relies on 26 banks operating in Pakistan. the first data is employed for addressing the research problem and fulfilling the objectives of the study. Data for the study is gathered by questionnaires from scheduled banks of Pakistan from risk managers, heads of risk departments and from risk officers. a complete of 51 questionnaires are dully filled to be conducive for generalizing the findings. In the data collecting process, preference is given to those that are concerned with risk and appointed at managerial/officer rank.

The findings of the research study suggested that Islamic and standard banks have statistically no difference between the usage extents of market risk Var. However, the study found significant differences among the strain resulting results usage practices of conventional with or without Islamic branches/windows and Islamic banks. For credit risk management and mitigation techniques in the banking sector of Pakistan, according to the findings, conventional and Islamic financial institutions do not differ from one another in the degree to which they use credit risk exposure. In addition, researchers discovered that the utilization of credit risk mitigation approaches and credit risk portfolio analysis techniques was not statistically distinct between Pakistan's Islamic and conventional banking streams. When it comes to the management of operational risks, there is a large gap between Islamic banks and conventional banks in terms of the extent to which operational risk management methods are utilized. The study also came to the conclusion that there was not a statistically significant difference between traditional and Islamic banks in Pakistan in terms of the level of adequate risk management tools and processes. This was one of the findings of the study.