The first state where the followers of all the religions were given equal rights was formed in 611 AD as per the guidelines of the Holy Qur’an through the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) at Madina, mainly comprising Muslims, Kafars (Idol worshipers) and Jews with equal social and economic rights. It not only improved foreign and diplomatic relations. Groups were knitted so well through treaties that they even fought wars as allies, which not only further strengthened the state but also created a history of Universal Brotherhood and Leadership. People following various religions were harmonised through a model treaty called the ‘Charter of Madina’. Apart from its firm implementation, the success of the treaty was based on three main features, equality, justice and peace. Functioning of such a multi religious state on the basis of equality and peace needed, hence adoption of relevant Qur’anic rules proved worthy of their vision and strength.

This study examined the relationship between identity formation and self/interpersonal functioning among Afghan refugees. A sample of 323 refugees aged 18–29 years was selected through cluster sampling from organizations including SHARP, Handicap International (HI), International Medical Corps (IMC), and UNHCR in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Identity formation was assessed using the Dimensions of Identity Development Scale (DIDS), while self and interpersonal functioning was measured through the Self and Interpersonal Functioning Scale (SIFS). Data analyzed using descriptive, correlational, t-test, and regression methods. Results revealed a significant negative correlation between identity formation and self/interpersonal functioning (r = −.421, p < .001). Ruminative exploration positively predicted poorer self and interpersonal functioning, whereas positive identity development significantly predicted better functioning (p < .001). Significant gender differences were observed in identity development (p< .001), but not in self/interpersonal functioning. Findings highlight the psychological impact of displacement, trauma, and forced migration on refugee wellbeing and adjustment.