The Effects of the Afghan Issue on Pakistan's Political Dynamics: An Analysis of the General Musharraf Administration
After theincident of 9/11, Afghanistan emerged as a terrorist state before the face of the world. To eradicate the militant factors the USA initiated a war against terror with the help of her allies on the soil of Afghanistan. This paper aims to analyze the effortsof Pakistan to bring harmony, peace and development to Afghanistan. The Afghan political scenario is a "multi-political scenario" in which different types of stakeholders show their political legitimacy over the masses. The capitalist class led by the USAand the socialist class by the Russians are the antagonistic factors in this regard. Another major group in this regard is the Islamic agenda group, having a culture of arms and is also a main participant in the Afghan political setup. The political legitimacy of the different groups has de-railed whole the system on the verge of chaos. The main focus of this paper is to determine the struggles of Pakistan to restore the true political system in Afghanistan through the participation of all the stakeholdersin the scenario.
-
Harmony, Islamization, Legitimacy, Negotiations, Pakistan’s Struggles, Peace, Taliban, wars in Afghanistan
-
(1) Sajid Hussain
PhD Scholar, Department of Political Science & IR, Qurtuba University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan.
(2) Azmat Ali Shah
Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science & IR, Qurtuba University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan.
(3) Gulzar khan
PhD Scholar, Department of Political Science & IR, Qurtuba University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan
Constructing Legitimacy in AI-Assisted Academic Writing: Responsibility, Limitation, and Disclosure in Higher Education
Generative AI tools are reshaping academic writing. The central issue is not their use, but when AI-assisted text can still be recognised as legitimate scholarly work. This exploratory study examines how experienced academics evaluate legitimacy through three conditions: retention of human responsibility for core ideas, limitation of AI to supportive roles, and disclosure of its use. Data were collected from 25 participants through a questionnaire combining rating scales and open-ended responses. The findings show that legitimacy is conditional rather than binary. Participants accepted AI for drafting, rephrasing, and organising text, but expressed concern when it shaped arguments or interpretations. Across responses, three conditions consistently defined acceptable use: AI must support rather than replace intellectual work, authors must remain accountable for all claims, and AI involvement must be disclosed. Legitimacy, therefore, rests on ongoing professional judgment rather than fixed rules.
-
AI-assisted Academic Writing, Legitimacy, Authorship, Accountability, Academic Governance, Disclosure, Higher Education
-
(1) Jabreel Asghar
Lecturer, General Studies, Higher Colleges of Technology, Al Ain Falaj Hazza Campus, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates (UAE).
