The political debates are the major indicators to open a dialogue and to set the tone of politics in society. The elections' debates in Pakistan are directly linked with the nature of the state and its ideological and elite composition. The post-colonial state structure and its reflection in electoral politics is a dominant determining factor which led to induce order through objectifying in existing electoral status quo. The dominant forces on the electoral scene have the power to interpret the existing knowledge production and debate for their own interest. Both objectivities and subjectivities in which electoral debates operate are in control of the post-colonial state structure. This paper is an attempt to explore the articulation of electoral debates in academic knowledge production. Further, how does existing academic debate explain the nature of electoral politics? Why?The purposively selected academic debates on elections revolved around functionalist and interpretivist paradigms influenced by the existing debate between subjectivity and objectivity. The descriptive method has been applied in exploring a research question under study.

This study generally examines the influence of education, health, experience and government loans on farmers productivity in district Nowshera. Specifically, this study (a) finds out the role of socio-economic factors determining tomato production in district Nowshera and (b) estimates technical efficiency of the tomato farmers in the area. Primary data has been collected through a field survey from 61 tomato producers of selected villages of the district. The results reveal on the average tomato farms in the study area are 95% efficient, indicating a 5% potential for the farms to attain the maximum output level while the range of efficiencies was 89% to 99%. Moreover, the results also showed education, health, experience and government loans playing a significant role in the determination of the tomato production. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that government increase spending on education and health as such loans can play an important role in the tomato farming in district Nowshera.

This study targets to investigate the impact of Inter-Services of Public Relations (ISPR) production, broadcasted during the war against terrorism, on Pakistani youth. It is hypothesized that ISPR productions have helped in inflating the motivation level of Pakistani youth, thus helping in promoting the nationalism and positive image of Pakistan. Furthermore, the role of ISPR productions in motivating youth to join Pakistan's Army is also explored. A cross-sectional survey research design was used. The sample of this study was comprised of youth aged between 18 to 24 years, selected through the non-probability purposive sample. The measures comprised of a self-constructed indigenous questionnaire assessing the impact of ISPR productions during a military operation in image building, promotion of nationalism and motivation to join the army. The data analyzed through SPSS Version 22.00 yielded insightful findings. The finding revealed that watching ISPR productions helped in instilling a fervent attitude of Pakistani youth towards nationalism and the Pakistani military. There had been a clearer inclination of youth to aspire for joining the military for upholding the nationalism beliefs, and this finding appears promising, keeping in mind the relative declining opinion that has been observed in youth from the past decade pertaining to nationalism and military operations.

Considering the significance of the poultry industry, the study tried to evaluate the economic viability of poultry farmers in the Lasbela district of Balochistan. Furthermore, the study also estimated the profitability of the numerous players engaged in the poultry industry. A sum of seventy-five poultry farmers, intermediaries, and retailers was interviewed using a
convenience sampling technique. The study results showed that the main obstacle to the expansion of the poultry industry in the region is the unequal and insufficient distribution of profits between producers, intermediaries, and retailers. The study results determined that the commission agent earns 41 percent while retailers make 24 per cent of the supernormal profit; at the same
time, none of the profits is reinvested in the business because the producers still struggle to meet the financial requirements. In the future, policymakers ought to improve the mechanism of profit allocation to improve consumer access to
nutrition and to ensure the just profit of all stakeholders in the industry. It will also stimulate investment in the poultry industry which will further promote economic activities and employment in the region.

Climate change has meaningful effects on sugar cane production worldwide. The data were collected from Beuro Sindh Karachi. A coefficient of correlation and ANOVA were applied. The results of the coefficient of correlation indicated a positive relationship between climate and sugar cane production. of (0.63) conclude that there is a (Moderate positive correlation between the climate and sugar cane production of the Hyderabad district. The results of the model show that the coefficient of correlation of (0.310) concludes that there is a (Week positive correlation between the climate and sugar cane production in the Badin district. The results of the model show that the coefficient of correlation of (0.088) concludes that there is a (Highly weak positive correlation between the climate and sugar cane production of Shaheed Banazirabad district. The probability value is also less than the
specified value of the level of significance (0.05). So, the production of sugar cane is not the same for all districts.

This study aims to identify the demographic characteristics of potato growers, investigate the marketing channels and value chain actors available in Hunza, Pakistan, and determine the significant production and marketing problems faced by potato growers in the area. Primary data collected from potato growers in Hunza using a multistage sampling technique and a pre-tested questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the demographic characteristics of potato growers, and the marketing channels of the potato value chain were studied using supply linkage. A simple linear regression model was used to identify the significant variables affecting potato yields. The regression model showed that variables such as sex of household head, family size, education status, distance to the market, farming experience, potato farm size, off/non-farm income, and quantity of potato supplied to the market significantly affected potato yields. The study also identified constraints and opportunities for potato growers.

This present study has focused on the problems in the assimilation of English words for undergraduates in Hazara University. A survey descriptive design was used to collect data from fifty undergraduates selected through convenient-non probability sampling technique who were asked to comprehend the assimilation process in certain words in the selected clips from English movies. To measure the problems in assimilation for the students, the students were asked to reproduce the same speech. The statistical analysis of the data shows that undergraduates did not have any major issues in the comprehension of the assimilated sounds in English words as they identified the assimilated sounds from the available lexical items and the speech context itself. The findings of the study show that students had fewer issues regarding the comprehension of the assimilated speech by native speakers than the issues they had while reproducing the same speech in spoken form themselves. In light of the findings of the study, it is suggested that due attention should be given to speaking skills in order to eliminate issues of assimilation in connected speech.

A crucial part of language competency is understanding social interactions to extract pertinent semantic cues in any expression's implied meaning besides grammatical and strategic competencies (Taguchi, 2011). Teaching of pragmatics is around 40 year older concept (Chen, 2011) while it is teachable (Bardovi,1999). The purpose of any language is communication (Locke, 1975) and avoiding face-threatening responses. Penelope (1987) elaborates on ways that are used to develop positive social interaction. Politeness theory is based on the concept of "face," which refers to a person's sense of self-esteem. Penelope’s (1987) “Politeness Theory” has been used in this study as a guiding theoretical framework. A mixed method approach has been adopted for getting real insight into the matter as the development of pragmatics. The study aims to find out the better way of teaching pragmatics and the impact of implicit and explicit teaching on the pragmatic production and awareness of communicative competence (Glaser, 2009).