This paper traces the working of various local governments within the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan in terms of efficiency while providing health and educational facilities. Only those districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa having a population of at least one million, were taken into account. The performance of six district local governments in the field of education and health was thoroughly analyzed. The main focus was to assess whether local governments were efficient in the provision of the required services or otherwise. In the context of this study, local governments were perceived as firms, each aiming at the efficient provision and welfare of their respective communities / localities. Annual time-series data for the period 2004 to 2015 was taken. The study revealed the performance and efficiency of each of the selected district governments. The study also confirmed the validity of the Tiebout Hypothesis in terms of the local governments of KP in relevance to the provision of health and educational services. The district government primarily revolves around the needs and aspirations of the common people. This system can perform better if properly implemented and monitored in light of the gross root level input.

The base of a successful university in providing quality education and practical knowledge for improving the lives of the youths in terms of social, economical and intellectual development are only possible through promoting research culture. Research conduct and writing is the most important tool for identifying remedial recommendations for education and related problems. This research presents comparative analysis of the research in Public and Private Universities in Pakistan. The research identifies current research practices, their strengths and weaknesses and provides recommendations for improvement. Research supervision and writing are two different parts but in reality these are parts of a single activity which is called thesis writing process. In Pakistan, research culture is considered very difficult and complicated activity because scholars do not accept challenges and the supervisors do not take the required interest. The study highlights the areas where scholars and supervisors need improvement, more struggle, and scientific as well as academic zest.

The stock market plays a pivotal role in the sustainable development of an economy. Fishers hypothesis in the stock market specifies that stock returns are directly linked to the rate of inflation. The objective of this paper is to explore this relationship using panel dataset for 56 countries from 1950-2018 and applying general to a specific technique for above-average Money Supply/GDP countries and below-average Money Supply/GDP countries separately and for different income group countries i.e. high-income countries, upper-middle-income countries, and lower-middle-income countries. Our analysis indicates that the Fisher hypothesis holds in the world economies except for lower-middle-income countries but it holds in its weak form.

Urdu, Punjabi and Pothwari are the three most widely spoken languages in Pakistan and India. Historical invasions and colonization resulted in the dispersal of the local population, causing numerous dialects of each language. There are different theories and myths about the historical connection of these languages. One such theory says that Pothwari is a variant of the Punjabi language. This might be due to the perception that Pothwari has so far been unable to claim the status of an independent language and thus, has a subordinated, relegated or inferior social status. The main reason behind this might be the folk linguistic perceptions that connect this great Oriental language with the uneducated and the unrefined. Though Urdu, Punjabi and Pothwari have sprung from the same ancestral source, they have developed uniquely over centuries. This article explores how the shared features between these three languages have diverged over time, causing great linguistic diversification

The Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526) of India played a pivotal role in shaping the political, social, and economic landscape of the Indian subcontinent. Established by Qutbuddin Aibak in 1206, the Sultanate saw the rise of several dynasties including the Mamluks, Khaljis, Tughlaqs, Sayyids, and Lodi. This study analyses the factors which contributed to the rapid expansion and eventual decline of the Delhi Sultanate. It highlights how military prowess, administrative innovations, and religious policies enabled the Sultans to consolidate power over vast territories. However, internal weaknesses, administrative inefficiencies, economic turmoil, and external invasions, including Timur's raid and Babur's conquest in 1526, accelerated its downfall. The study also explores the impact of Mongol threats, shifting alliances, and rebellions that weakened central authority. Furthermore, it assesses the socio-cultural legacy of the Sultanate, including architectural advancements, Persian influence, and the integration of Islamic and Indian traditions.