Deliberate Self Harm (DSH) is a pervasive issue in Pakistan. The limited research on this phenomenon conducted in Pakistan is restricted by the non-availability of an empirical assessment measure of self-harm in the Urdu language, hence relies mostly on the interviews of cases reported to the emergency departments and those translated does not necessarily carry the same connotation. An indigenous deliberate self-harm scale was developed to cater to this issue. Factors of DSH were identified using Nock’s integrated theoretical model and literature review. Sixty-five items were generated. Content Validity Index (CVI) was calculated. The scale was administered on a sample of 200 self-harm cases.EFA revealed a three-factor structure (i.e intrapersonal, interpersonal and situational) supported by Parallel Analysis. RASCH analysis supported the item fit. This scale can be a helpful tool for the researchers and clinicians to explore DSH in the native population.

Pakistan and the United States have had a history of complex relations since the former's inception. After the 9/11 attacks, changes were observed in the foreign policy of the United States towards Pakistan, followed by a strategic shift in Pakistan’s approach towards its ally in Afghanistan. This study aims to analyze the implications of the post-9/11 Pak-U.S. alliance by examining the impacts of terrorism and U.S. drone strikes on Pakistan’s national security. The theoretical framework focuses on John Mearsheimer’s theory of offensive realism. The study employs qualitative research methodology and focuses on secondary data. This research argues that as a result of the post-9/11 Pak-U.S. alliance, the national security of Pakistan was compromised. This study opines that a pragmatic foreign policy combined with a comprehensive national security approach is of paramount importance to Pakistan in order to survive and progress.

Framed within a review-based design, this study synthesises existing theoretical explanations of suicidality. It offers economic, sociological, and psychological perspectives on suicidality. The conclusion is that sociological theories of suicide focus on the significance of the social environment, social relationships, and other socio-economic and cultural factors in the aetiology of suicide, providing an understanding from the viewpoint of social interaction. The interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behaviour suggests that an individual will not die by suicide unless they have both the desire to do so and the ability to carry it out. For attempting suicide, feelings of burdensomeness and low belongingness alone are insufficient; instead, one must be capable of attempting it, meaning the ability to acquire lethal self-injury. Economic problems or insatiability are key factors contributing to an increase in suicide rates, with economic instability according to Durkheim encompassing both economic booms and recessions.