The paper estimates the effects of trade reforms on workers' earnings in Pakistan's manufacturing sector during 1995-2015, employing data from 14 rounds of the Pakistan Labour Force Survey. OLS technique has been used for estimation and separate analysis for workers engaged in informal manufacturing activities is also undertaken. The results indicate that a tariff fall on intermediate products is associated with a rise in real earnings of workers employed in the manufacturing sector during this period, while a corresponding decline in tariffs on final goods has no effect on worker's wages. The results show that real wages of workers employed in the mainly export oriented industries of food, beverages and tobacco, textiles, apparel and leather and non-metallic mineral industries have declined over the twenty years period of trade reforms implemented in Pakistan. On the other hand, real wages are observed to have increased in the chemical and petroleum and basic metals industries.

In this study, the challenges of the Sino-US rivalry under the presidencies of Donald Trump and Joe Biden are discussed. Trump trade and economic approach, and the product of tariffs and sanctions, with its America First wish attached on decreasing the general demand of the nation on Chinese production. The administration as a zero-sum game in which major emphasis was given to trade deficits, intellectual property theft, and not including vital areas of life in China. In this paper, potential economic and geopolitical consequences of these two opposite strategies, such as new patterns of international trade, the ability of China to cushion against economic shocks, the effect of these strategies on innovation, and technological leadership, are assessed. These presidencies are compared in the study and help to comprehend the shifting course of the U.S.-China economic relations and implications on the international balance of power.