The most convenient and important part of the public transportation system is that provided by public buses, the most practical and cost-effective type of public transportation system. An expert system alone cannot accurately locate a bus stop. The "Natural Movement" theory of Space Syntax provides a deep understanding of "centrality" and urban activity, predicting the city's most dynamic streets and areas that serve as centres of urban activity. This study analyzed the city of Mansehra, Pakistan to provide a scientific evidence-based approach to planning of efficient transportation system. To find the best routes and bus stops, we computed centrality through spatial analysis and urban activity index, and vehicular and pedestrian traffic volume indices. The results of this research highlighted areas that are considered optimal traffic routes, busy city streets, and city centres, and represent the best locations for bus stop spacing in the city.

The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of leader emotional labour strategies on job-related outcomes, job satisfaction (JS) and emotional exhaustion (EE) and the moderating effect of perceived organizational support (POS) under the theoretical support of conservation of resource (COS) theory. The current study was carried out by gathering data from doctors working in the Public Health sector of Pakistan. A self-administered questionnaire survey was employed to gather responses. The selection process employed a simple random sampling technique. Results of the current study explicate that POS has a positive moderating effect on the relationship between leaders' emotional labour strategies and EE. At the same time, the moderated effect of POS on the relationship between leaders' emotional labour strategies and JS was not supported. The present study bridges the research gap by applying the COS theory and using POS as moderating variable to study relationships between leaders' emotional labour strategies and job-related outcomes (e.g., JS and EE).

The study's goal is to compare and contrast public and private university administration practices in Pakistan. Using a random sampling technique, 200 institutional heads from (various departments) of public and private institutions (universities) of Punjab were selected for the study.According to the study, managing operations at higher education institutions in these locations is difficult for both commercial and governmental universities. However, these two categories of institutions' management strategies differ significantly from one another. According to the survey, private institutions of higher learning place a greater emphasis on marketing and financial
management than public ones. Private institutions place a high priority on promoting their offerings to draw students and donor support as compared to public institutions.

Researchers investigated how primary school teachers benefited from their training. A total of 150 public school teachers in primary schools (75 men, 75 women) participated in the study. Using the survey method, the researcher adopted a simple random sampling technique. The researche employed a self-developed questionnaire with a five-point scale to compile the results. The questionnaire consisted of six main aspects. The validity of the research instrument was ensured in light of experts' opinions and pilot testing. The reliability was also ensured properly by applying Cronbach Alpha and its value was found .83. The data collected from respondents was organized properly. The data was analyzed through inferential statistics, and an independent-sample t-test was applied. The data was tabulated, presented and interpreted in a mean score, standard deviation and in the form of t- value to see the significant difference in mean score. It was concluded that teachers' training enhanced theteachers' professional competencies and recommended that teachers' professional training may be conducted continuously.

Mental illness for many years has been perceived in a negative light, greatly impacting the degree of treatment-seeking behaviour, the public attitude towards mental illness, laws and policies and the negative attitudes and associations that are formed towards mental illness. Therefore the research study investigates the attitude of psychology students; given their psychological knowledge about mental illness and evaluates the attributions they make towards mental illness. Participants from different institutions in Lahore participated in this research study and attempted Implicit Association Test to assess whether psychology students are implicitly biased towards the mentally ill or not.Quantitative data were collected and statistically analyzed with the help of SPSS; Independent samples t-test, paired samples test, One-way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation were applied to analyze the data. The study concluded that regardless of knowledge and exposure, students of psychology have an implicit bias towards mental illness.

Citizens across the globe, especially in Pakistan mostly are asked a frequent yet debatable query and demand for identity cards and other documents on a daily basis by the Police. Be it the scheduled checkpoints or informal exchanges, the police officers habitually ask the citizens to show their identification documents. Though such actions are meant to guarantee security and uphold law and order, their legitimacy and legal sanctity have ignited much debate and raised significant concerns about individual rights and distresses like privacy invasion. The "equilibrium between the right to privacy and the concerns like security" is the epicentre of our analysis. From one perspective, promising security, peace and tranquillity and enforcing laws are the duties invested in the executive, however, the matter of Privacy invasion is yet another factor to be appraised by the LEAs.

Scientists examine how fake news shapes public reception toward media platforms as they analyze the obstacles that journalists face when producing factual reports. The research studies fake news operations through surveys in addition to media professional interviews and fake news article content analysis to understand its procedures along with public consequences and control methods. The study reveals social media recommendations as the main source that drives fake news distribution which creates growing partisan beliefs and mistrust between both mass and online news outlets. The emotional intensity in fake news reports results in rapid dissemination because of these strong responses, particularly when they cause anger. Fact-checking websites haven't significantly improved public ability to spot fake news, as 68% of people still remain confused. The paper underlines media monitoring as the foundation for addressing fake news through increased media literacy education as well as transparent journalistic practices and rigorous fact-checking systems.

To begin with, I examine media portrayal of climate change across the Global South, and in particular three countries; Pakistan, Nigeria and Brazil. It probes the description and rousing of climate change in news media, and the information of how environment-related news is filtered by the national and regional context. In this study, the patterns of narratives of climate change, role of the segments of the government and international actors, and the control of global media, are considered using a content analysis approach to news coverage of these countries. Further to that, the study also looks deeply into the perception of people regarding the credibility of climate change news and the impacts of fake news on making public opinion on the same. The findings also provide clues into how countries which are typically disproportionally affected by the impacts of climate change portray such impacts.