Glass Ceiling or Personal Barriers: A Study of Underrepresentation of Women in Senior Management
The glass ceiling has been termed the factor for underrepresentation of women in higher management positions. Pakistani society is believed to be dominated by men in all walks including positions in higher management. The purpose of this study is to explore whether it is the glass ceiling or the personal barriers that result in the underrepresentation phenomena of women in higher management. This exploratory study has surveyed, through a semi-structured interview, the middle and higher-level women manager from private organizations located in the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The findings suggest that it is not only glass ceiling barriers but also personal characteristics that hinder womens professional growth. The study also contributes to identifying personal and glass ceiling barriers and their relative importance.
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Glass Ceiling, Personal Barriers, Private Organizations, Senior Management, Underrepresentation
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(1) Marriam Ayub
Research Scholar, Department of Management Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan.
(2) Rao Aamir Khan
Assistant Professor, Department of Management Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan.
(3) Muhammad Khushnood
Assistant Professor,Institute of Business Studies,Kohat University of Science and Technology, Pakistan.
Organizational Attributes as Determinant of Women Academicians' Career Development in Multan (Pakistan)
The study aims to explore Organizational attributes and their relation to career development. The career development of females was necessary for the country's economic progress. The data was collected through questionnaires from universities and two college female academic staff. The sample size was determined through a multi-stage sampling technique. The total sample size of the study was 301. The data were analyzed by applying simple linear regression. The findings of the study show that there are many issues related to the career development of females in organizational, but some have great influence such as Organizational/institutional behavior towards female employment, recognition of their work, standers of success, workplace harassment, biased attitude, glass ceiling, and transportation problems. Further researches must explore this problem at a broad level and include other sector female employees to identify their problems in career development. The government must formulate female-friendly policies to make it easier for females to work outside the home
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Organizational Structure, Organizational Attributes, Career Development, Glass Ceiling, Work Place Environment
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(1) Saima Afzal
Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Nida Sheeza Rafi
MPhil Scholar, Department of Sociology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
(3) Norina Jabeen
PhD Scholar, Department of Rural Sociology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.