The Darfur conflict exists across the westward region in Sudan, though an emergent domestic conflict, however, aimed at socio-political and socio-economic unrest beyond borders. Following 2003 happenings in Sudan, the problem in Darfur province has been stated interrupted or voyaged, affording the center case before the international community than the United Nations, denoting genocide. While ascertaining the insurgence particularities, the issues of the Darfur area have largely discoursed as ethnic-cultural conflicts among Afro-Arab tribal populaces across Sudan. Thus, an explanation appears abortive to explain the complexed state of affairs contradicting the inconsistent conditions. Therefore, such a particular research article is expected to investigate the existing gap formulating explanation over the issue by considering two foremost contributive characters - the socio-political and socio-economic explanations aimed at overall unrest in Sudan with special reference to the Darfur conflict. Furthermost significantly, in realist's exploration approach and descriptive analysis methodology of the problems in Darfur, drive and conclude beyond an ethnocultural explanation, thus, appeared credible to unearth the problems, in particular socio-political and socio-economic reasons, thus, imperious to consider the concerns so as to achieve stability in Darfur and permanency in Sudan. Thus, this research piece endeavor to analyze a precise setting of socio-political and socio-economic perspectives in Sudan's unrest with special reference to the Darfur conflict.

This paper was to study the relationship between socio economic status and test anxiety of undergraduate students. All the undergraduate students of all the departments of Sargodha University were the population. A sample pertaining 550 students were selected through multistage random including 181 male and 369 female students, selecting 50 students from 11 departments. Instruments were adapted socioeconomic status survey for students and Test Anxiety Scale (WTAS). After pilot testing both the instruments on 100 students, Cronbach Alpha value for WTAS was 0.79, and SACQ was 0.90. The study was descriptive and survey. Analysis of data was done through frequencies, means, percentages t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson r. The majority of students showed a moderate level of SES as well text anxiety, female undergraduate students are of higher SES level and text anxiety than males, and no relationship between SES and test anxiety of the undergraduate students was found. A recommendation is that students may be exposed to group projects, seminars and guidance, and counseling sessions regarding test anxiety.

This paper investigates the relationship between growth environment score and economic growth of N11 (Next eleven) countries over the period of 20 years that is; 1999-2018. A panel data regression, fixed effect model, random effect model and Hausman test are applied in our study.According to the Hausman specification test, the fixed-effect model is a suitable model for the study. Econometrics findings suggested that macroeconomic stability (external debt), macroeconomic conditions(investment) and human capital (education) have a significant impact on the economic growth of N11 countries. Our empirical findings provide insights on strategies that the countrywide government should enforce to enhance financial boom and improvement throughout the N11 countries.

The purpose of this research paper is to examine the Impact of Religious Tourism on the development 'smokeless industry' that has the potential of igniting significant economic activity, thus creating employment,generating investment, and reducing poverty. The present study is descriptive in nature. Data were collected in view of facts reported in the secondary sources, including news items, national and international reports on tourism,books, journals as well as information gathered from interaction with the local people. The present study not only underscore the prospective implications of religious tourism in the country but also explores the challenges pervading the religious tourism sector in Pakistan. The findings of the present research paper indicate the below-par performance of concerned agencies was the main hindrance to promote tourism in Pakistan. Moreover, the key issues are non-development and maintenance of tourist spots, negative projection of security situation, visa restrictions, inadequate infrastructure, sub-standard transportation, and poor health services, which are badly affected religious tourism. This research paper will be assisted the policymakers in improving travel procedures and providing safety and security to the tourists in Pakistan.

"Runaway children" is a growing issue. Print, electronic, and social media highlighted and reported many cases daily. Multidimensional factors are responsible. This study aims to highlight the factors responsible behind and to suggest solutions for families and persons concerned. The assessment of the factors is based on the statements of runaway children. The empirical work focused on 50 children aging from 9 years to 17 years. Structured interviews were carried out. The results indicate that the highest proportion of runaway children was due to violence at home, at school/madras, and at the workplace.Punishments, violence against children, poverty, and strict behavior were pointed out as major causes. Soft and friendly behavior, provision of basic needs including education, parents' guidance, violence free environment without punishment play a role in minimizing the incidence. Extra curricular activities - sports, Boy Scout, and Girl Guide are the key at the school level.

The study aims to investigate the economic effects of digitalization on the success of tourism and the factors hindering the implementation of digitalization in the tourism industry. The study used the primary data gathered through interviews with the experts and the stakeholders of the tourism industry.The study is qualitative in nature and has attempted to discuss all the possible aspects related to the digitalization of tourism and the possible challenges faced by businesses while adopting digitalization in the tourism industry.The study found that there are several types of factors affecting the digitalization in the tourism industry, which include factors related to the environment, technological, economic, political and legal, cultural and social too.Then there are some specific environmental factors which include competitor identification and competitor analysis,relationship with customers and suppliers and partners and associates.Other than external factors, internal factors were also found. Some of them are convenience of use and technical availability, cooperation between firms, and firm level support to stakeholders. The study concludes that if these factors are addressed successfully, then the local economy can grow at a faster rate through tourism.

This study investigates the role of inflation as a mediator between currency depreciation and economic growth in Pakistan from 1972 to 2016. Using the Ng-Parron unit root test, the stationarity of the variables is determined. The outcomes of Ng-Parron unit root tests indicate that all variables in the model exhibit mix-order integration. This paper also employs the Autoregressive Distributive Lag Model (ARDL) to evaluate the relationship between currency depreciation, inflation, and economic expansion. The results show very clearly that the inflation rate does not play a role in the link between currency depreciation and economic growth in the case of Pakistan.

This study looks into how the devaluation of the Pakistani currency affected remittances (REM) and economic growth (EG) in Pakistan. The study also looks at how REM affects the link between the devaluation of the currency and the growth of the economy in Pakistan Over the course of 45 years, from 1972 to 2016. The study uses Autoregressive Distributive Lag Model (ARDL) for examining the relationship. This study uses sensitivity analysis and chooses among different econometric techniques, which take into account the endogeneity problem. The results show that remittances partially mediate the relationship between the devaluation of currency and economic growth.Moreover, a one unit rise in REM leads to a 0.47 unit decrease in EG.

Start-up behaviour is a key resource for entrepreneurial investment decisions. Economic Corridors are a new form of regional and beyond regional entrepreneurial collaborations. The present research aimed at operationalising the measurement scale for industrial entrepreneurs' start-up behaviour in the context of entrepreneurship under economic corridors. Particularly, the present study is committed to developing, contextualising, and statistically pilot testing the measurement scale of start-up behaviour of industrial entrepreneurs. This study applied EFA, validity, and reliability tests on the 6-items constructed for Start-up Behavior.Data was collected from the owners, shareholders, members of the board of directors and Chief level executives of 425 manufacturing organisations (e.g., also known as industrial entrepreneurs) in Pakistan. Results of this scale contextualisation process confirmed that initial developed 7 items were reduced to 6-items, and 1-item was deleted at the stage of face & content validity. The final form of measurement scale for Start-up Behavior consisted of 6- items under 1-factor. Moreover, this study described and presented a systematic process for scale development, scale contextualisation, and statistical pilot testing to ensure the factorisation/extraction of factors, reliability and validity for the
newly operationalised scales for start-up behaviour. This study contributed to the body of knowledge for behavioural sciences, entrepreneurship, and economic corridors by providing a 6-item measuring scale of industrial entrepreneurs' start-up behaviour. This study is also an added advantage for the owners of the manufacturing firms and policymakers up to the extent that they were able to analyse the six behavioural factors for investment in the new start-ups.

Presently COVID-19 and its socio-economic impacts are burning and debatable issues around the world. This research aimed at investigating the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on people with vulnerable socio-economic conditions. The research was conducted in two union councils i.e. Koper and Hero Shah of Tehsil Dargai District Malakand, KP Pakistan. The data was collected through an in-depth interview method using an interview guide from 24 respondents, 12 respondents from each union council were purposively selected through a random sampling method. The collected data has been analyzed through the qualitative method and primary data has been combined with secondary information for further explanation and unfolding of the ground realities. The research findings indicate that 70 per cent of the workforce of Pakistan is dependent on subsistence earnings and an informal economy. The research shows that the socio-economic recession created by the COVID-19 pandemic disproportionally affected the economy, health, education and livelihood of poor vulnerable people. Consequently, the miseries of the coronavirus enhanced the social and economic problems of poor vulnerable people. The research finding recommends that government should take concrete measures and should provide social and economic support to socio-economically vulnerable people in order to pull them out of the crisis created by the COVID-19 pandemic.