Glass Ceiling or Personal Barriers: A Study of Underrepresentation of Women in Senior Management
The glass ceiling has been termed the factor for underrepresentation of women in higher management positions. Pakistani society is believed to be dominated by men in all walks including positions in higher management. The purpose of this study is to explore whether it is the glass ceiling or the personal barriers that result in the underrepresentation phenomena of women in higher management. This exploratory study has surveyed, through a semi-structured interview, the middle and higher-level women manager from private organizations located in the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The findings suggest that it is not only glass ceiling barriers but also personal characteristics that hinder womens professional growth. The study also contributes to identifying personal and glass ceiling barriers and their relative importance.
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Glass Ceiling, Personal Barriers, Private Organizations, Senior Management, Underrepresentation
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(1) Marriam Ayub
Research Scholar, Department of Management Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan.
(2) Rao Aamir Khan
Assistant Professor, Department of Management Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan.
(3) Muhammad Khushnood
Assistant Professor,Institute of Business Studies,Kohat University of Science and Technology, Pakistan.