Inclusive Growth Measurement Under Different Political Regimes of Pakistan
Existing literature focuses on the determinants and ways to enhance economic growth. This, however, neglects the growth benefit to society. Distribution aspect of economic growth is ignored in the previous decades. As a result, the world cannot enjoy the benefits of economic growth. In this paper inclusive growth index (IGI) is used which is constructed by the Asian Development Bank, 2011 to investigate whether the economic growth in Pakistan creates opportunities for the entire population on an equal basis and how political regimes affect the inclusive growth. Performance of the sixteen indicators of inclusive growth index is assessed over the period of 1978-2014, under two Democratic and two dictators' regimes. The result of the study shows that inclusive growth in Pakistan is low. However, the trend of inclusive growth in Pakistan is positive. Inclusive growth can be increase by increase the pace of economic growth besides democratic culture.
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Inclusive Growth, Economic Growth, Political Economy, Political regimes, Democracy, Dictatorship.
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(1) Muhammad Masood Anwar
PhD Scholar, Kashmir Institute of Economics, University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir Muzaffarabad, Pakistan.
(2) Aftab Anwar
Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
(3) Ghulam Yahya Khan
Assistant Professor, Kashmir Institute of Economics, University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir Muzaffarabad, Pakistan.
Metadiscourse Markers in Political Discourse: A Corpus-Assisted Study of Hedges and Boosters in Benazir Bhutto's Speeches
Metadiscourse markers play an important role in academic, media, and political discourse. Political leaders use discourse markers to express their ideas and thoughts persuasively and compellingly. The paper identifies the interactive meta-discourse markers in Benazir Bhutto's speech and explains how the use of meta-discourse markers, such as boosters and hedges, can strengthen or weaken the impact of political discourse. The data used for compiling the corpus consists of thirteen randomly selected speeches by Benazir Bhutto delivered between 1989 and 1997 and explained using Hyland's (1996) concept of metadiscourse. The findings show that hedges have been used more frequently than boosters. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the interactional meta-discourse markers used by politicians to shape their messages to enhance the impact of their political narratives. It also helps to understand how rhetorical devices are used by speakers to express doubts or certainty in their speeches.
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Metadiscourse Markers, Political discourse, Benazir Bhutto, Corpus Assisted.
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(1) Arshad Ali
Assistant Professor, Department of English, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan.
(2) Athar Rashid
Assistant Professor, Department of Governance & Public Policy, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan.
(3) Shahid Abbas
Lecturer, Department of English, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan.
Political Development and Pakistan Studies at 10th Grade: An Analytical Study
Political participation and unity of nation on political affairs in the country to increase the participation of youth in political affairs their political development is a basic requirement. Pakistan studies support creating political awareness among the youth of the nation. This research study investigated that how the 10th grade 'Pakistan to study textbook' creates a political sense among the youths. This study was conducted through content analysis of 10th-grade textbooks, and the students' political development level was also measured through a survey questionnaire focused on the questions related to political development elements. The sample for content analysis was 10th grade Pakistan studies textbook, and for the survey was 120 students of 10th grades enrolled in secondary schools of Quetta city. Major findings high lights that political development was not supported by the Pakistan studies textbook.
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10th Grade, Political Development, Secondary Level, Textbook, Content
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(1) Alia Ayub
Associate Professor, Department of Education, SBKWU, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan.
(2) Khadija Karim
Associate Professor, Department of Education, SBKWU, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan.
(3) Shabana Akhtar
Assistant Professor, Department of Pakistan Studies, SBKWU, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan.
Delhi: A Metaphor of Hope and Despair in Delhi and Twilight in Delhi
This paper is an effort to de-construct the two opposite ideas of hope and despair in Ahmed Ali's Twilight in Delhi and Khushwant Singh's Delhi. The comparative points of view regarding Delhi by Singh and Ali serve to construct the ideological, political and ontological framing of Delhi. The paper explores the significance of Delhi as a symbol of political energy which distributes power or snatches it as an active agent of power-history. The paper exhibits the socio-political, economic and communal structures portrayed by Ali and Singh. The study is an effort to detect the system of representation in the metaphor of Delhi in the context of power-resistance and failure of the struggle against the Raj. The paper tries to show that both Ali and Singh see Delhi with a difference of outlook and literary approach to manifest hope and despair.
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Delhi, Political-energy, Power-resistance, Representation, Subcontinent.
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(1) Shaista Andleeb
Ph. D scholar, Department of English Literature, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Muhammad Asif Khan
Department of English Literature, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
(3) Shahzad Ahmad
Research scholar, Department of English, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
Cooperation in Israeli-Saudi Relations: Impact on Iran in the Middle East
The study explores the transformation in great power politics and factors affecting the dynamics of the Middle Eastern political landscape, such as the relationships between ideological arch-rivals of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and Israel. The closing up of the relationship between KSA and Israel is a historic transformation, holding immense potential embodying change in the strategic landscape of the Middle East. The article argues that the changing dynamics of global power politics has polarised the political dynamics of the Middle Eastern region along opposite poles. The US, China and Russian involvement in the Middle Eastern region have pushed the ideological arch-rival of KSA to the US and Israel, pushing Iran to tilt towards Russia and China in the region. Therefore, the significance of the study lies in the changing nature of international structure and the way this shift has impacted the inter-dynamics of Saudi-Israeli cooperation in the Middle East.
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Arch Rivals, KSA, Political Landscape, Region, Polarisation
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(1) Sumeera Imran
Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, FCS, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
(2) Sarim Akram Bacha
Visiting Lecturer, University of Swabi, Swabi, KP, Pakistan.
(3) Zafar Khan
M.Phil. Scholar, IR, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Politics of Electoral Symbols in Pakistan
Electoral symbols have a significant role in electoral campaigns. Political parties used stamps to propagate their political stance and to organize political behavior around their programs. The political symbolism demonstrates different meanings to different people due to their socio-political orientations.Some political parties tried to use electoral symbols more proactively than others. These multi-layered meanings led to the articulate political interests of social groups. There are many questions unanswered regarding the impact and use of the political symbol. Can election symbols influence particular areas more than the rest of the country? Does electoral symbol matter in electoral victory? This paper is an attempt to explore the politics and use of symbols in electoral politics. In the electoral politics of Pakistan, the study of electoral symbols is unique due to its multiple uses in highly polarized electoral contexts. The study concludes that political parties use electoral symbols tactfully to maximize their vote bank. A qualitative approach has been used to investigate a core question
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Electoral Symbols, Pakistan, Voting, Symbolism, Political Parties
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(1) Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad
Assistant Professor, Centre for Policy Studies, COMSATS University-Islamabad, Pakistan
Pakistan's Elections Debates: An Analysis of Electoral Knowledge Production
The political debates are the major indicators to open a dialogue and to set the tone of politics in society. The elections' debates in Pakistan are directly linked with the nature of the state and its ideological and elite composition. The post-colonial state structure and its reflection in electoral politics is a dominant determining factor which led to induce order through objectifying in existing electoral status quo. The dominant forces on the electoral scene have the power to interpret the existing knowledge production and debate for their own interest. Both objectivities and subjectivities in which electoral debates operate are in control of the post-colonial state structure. This paper is an attempt to explore the articulation of electoral debates in academic knowledge production. Further, how does existing academic debate explain the nature of electoral politics? Why?The purposively selected academic debates on elections revolved around functionalist and interpretivist paradigms influenced by the existing debate between subjectivity and objectivity. The descriptive method has been applied in exploring a research question under study.
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Elections, Knowledge Production, Pakistan, Political Debate, Post-Colonialism
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(1) Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad
Assistant Professor, Centre for Policy Studies, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Post-Doctoral Fellow, School of Politics and International Relations, The University of Nottingham United Kingd
Direction Metaphors in Political Discourse: Imran Khan and the Rhetoric of Change
Journey Metaphors are among the most pervasive source domains used both in daily life and in political discourse as they follow a clearcut source-path-goal schema where the direction is a fundamental element. The crossdomain mapping between source and target domains is a means of gaining insight into the cognitive activity of the speaker. Metaphors of the journey are widely used in the political discourse generated by Imran Khan with special emphasis upon direction. Metaphorical expressions identified from speeches of Imran in both English and Urdu language have been analyzed using the Critical Metaphor Analysis approach given by Charteris-Black (2005) where linguistic metaphors have been interpreted semantically, pragmatically and in cognition to generate conceptual metaphors. Khan’s obsession with direction activates the PAKISTAN IS OFF TRACK conceptual metaphor necessitating a journey of change under his leadership. He highlights the failures of others to evoke images of a destructive past from which freedom becomes essential.
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Direction Metaphors, Journey Metaphors, Conceptual Metaphors, Political Discourse.
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(1) Lubna Umar
Lecturer, Department of English Language and Applied Linguistics,Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad.
(2) Umaima Kamran
Assistant Professor, Department of Linguistics, Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan.
(3) Zubair Khan
Lecturer, Department of English, University of Science & Technology Bannu, KP, Pakistan.
Are NGOs Bridging the Gaps? Analyzing Opportunities for Gender and Political Empowerment in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Gender and development approach gained attention during the 1990s, since then government and nongovernmental organizations adopted these approaches for gender and political empowerment in Pakistan. This paper analyzes the contribution of NGO towards gender and political empowerment in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. This study explored how NGOs interventions created opportunities for gender and political empowerment. This study presents an analysis of NGO policies and practices for gender and political empowerment in the research area. Qualitative research methods including semi-structured interviews and participant observations were used to conduct this study. The study revealed that NGOs created spaces for political awareness and participation of men and women community members, councilors and policymakers. This study argues that NGOs interventions can create opportunities and effectively contribute to gender and political empowerment goals if contextually planned and implemented in the research area.
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Gender, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, NGO Approaches, Opportunities, Peshawar, Political Empowerment.
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(1) Dur E Shawar
Ph.D. Scholar,Department of Development Studies, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, KP, Pakistan.
(2) Bahadar Nawab Khattak
Associate Professor, Department of Development Studies, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, KP, Pakistan.
(3) Abda Khalid
Assistant Professor, Department of Development Studies,COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, KP, Pakistan.
Effects of Media Exposure on the Political Polarization Patterns of Students in Pakistan
Political polarization remains central to the political behavior scholarship. In this study, political polarization patterns among the youth of Pakistan with reference to selective exposure approaches of media were examined. Survey from 420 students of Pakistan public sector universities was conducted. It was found that selective exposure to media is still strong in Pakistan, however diverse exposure is also being witnessed in Pakistan. Now the people are also diverting towards diverse exposure. Consequently, political polarization among the university students of Pakistan is still strong. Findings imply that media in Pakistan is playing an important role in strengthening the democracy in Pakistan. Furthermore, it is also concluded that media played a key role to determine voters’ choice during Elections-2013 in Pakistan.
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Selective exposure, diverse exposure, political polarization, Pakistan elections-2013
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(1) Muhammad Zahid Bilal
Assistant Professor, Department of Communication Studies,University of Okara, Punjab, Pakistan.
(2) Arshad Ali
Assistant Professor, Center for Media and Communication Studies, University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan.
(3) Sami Ullah
Assistant Professor, Department of Economics,University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan.