This paper analyzes the sociological connection between religiosity, socioeconomic disparity, and health behaviors among Pakistani university students based on the sociological framework. The multistage stratified random sampling was used to obtain 384 students at the University of Sargodha to complete a quantitative cross-sectional survey. The results indicate that there is a statistically significant positive correlation between religiosity and health behaviors. Family income and perceived social status were also found to be important predictors and there was no statistically significant influence of age and education level.  The paper will be a contribution to sociology of health because it will reveal the combined effects of culturally embedded religious norms and structural inequalities on health behavior among young adults in Pakistan and it will have a significant implication on culturally sensitive health promotion interventions and equity-based health promotion in higher education institutions.

This study investigates the role of English as a gatekeeper language and the phenomenon of code switching in elite schools in District Karak Pakistan. Through the qualitative methods, such as classroom observation, semi-structured interview with teachers and students, as well as analysis of documents, the research examines the functional role of the English language as a tool of academic and social distinction. The study shows that English proficiency is directly connected to academic success and the ability to earn a living in the future with English being the gateway for opportunities for success. Code-switching, the behavior of mixing different languages (Russian and English or Urdu language or regional languages). The results highlight the cross-cutting of language, socio-economic status and educational inequality and hint at the necessity of zeroing in inclusive language policies in elite schools so as to guarantee equitable access to academic success.

Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 positions economic diversification and knowledge-intensive industrial upgrading as national imperatives; however, the mechanisms through which refinery digitalization can plausibly contribute to these objectives remain theoretically underdeveloped. This study develops a multi-level conceptual framework explaining how artificial intelligence (AI) adoption and knowledge management (KM) capability co-evolve in Saudi Arabian refineries and how this co-evolution generates transformation outcomes aligned with Vision 2030 diversification goals. Integrating the knowledge-based view, dynamic capabilities theory, and technology–organization–environment (TOE) framework, the model positions KM capability maturity as the central mediating mechanism through which AI adoption translates into operational excellence, sustainability-oriented innovation, and cross-site scaling outcomes. Trust in AI and sustainability orientation are theorized as boundary condition moderators. Six testable propositions and a three-phase empirical research agenda are advanced. The framework contributes an integrative, refinery-specific conceptual model that bridges Saudi institutional evidence, hydrocarbon-sector AI–KM research, and digital refinery scholarship.