This qualitative research work focuses on social, psychological and physical experiences of polygamous first wives in Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. The semi-structured interviews, informed by Feminist Theory and Intersectionality, were carried out with 11 first wives and their interviews analyzed through the use of the thematic analysis. Eight themes were identified as being associated and connected: emotional neglect, social marginalization, psychological distress, physical health degradation, religious justification and gendered silence, economic dependency, coping mechanisms and identity reconstruction. The subjects indicated the loss of emotional support, social respect, anxiety, sleeping difficulties. The results indicate that polygamy is a socially constructed institution, which supports gendered inequalities in rural Pakistan. The increased enforcement of family laws, the increase of community-based counseling and mental-health services, the enhancement of gender- sensitive religious education, and women economic empowerment are necessary to increase well-being in polygamous families.

This paper analyzes the sociological connection between religiosity, socioeconomic disparity, and health behaviors among Pakistani university students based on the sociological framework. The multistage stratified random sampling was used to obtain 384 students at the University of Sargodha to complete a quantitative cross-sectional survey. The results indicate that there is a statistically significant positive correlation between religiosity and health behaviors. Family income and perceived social status were also found to be important predictors and there was no statistically significant influence of age and education level.  The paper will be a contribution to sociology of health because it will reveal the combined effects of culturally embedded religious norms and structural inequalities on health behavior among young adults in Pakistan and it will have a significant implication on culturally sensitive health promotion interventions and equity-based health promotion in higher education institutions.

Good governance has become a focal point of good administration of the populace, and sustainable development, especially in developing nations, where institutional weaknesses tend to discredit the state's capacity. This paper analyses the concept and reality of good governance in the Pakistani public service with special reference to transparency, accountability, and bureaucratic corruption. Regardless of the numerous governance reforms and introduction of accountability mechanisms, Pakistan has been grappling with poor service delivery, poor institutional control, and deteriorating trust in the institutions of the state. Qualitative research design was used in the collection of data, which was conducted based on semi-structured interviews, document analysis, and secondary governance indicators. The results indicate that policy systems that promote good governance are formally present, but there is inconsistency in their execution because of political interventions, poor accountability systems, and the presence of bureaucratic cultures.

This study investigates the role of English as a gatekeeper language and the phenomenon of code switching in elite schools in District Karak Pakistan. Through the qualitative methods, such as classroom observation, semi-structured interview with teachers and students, as well as analysis of documents, the research examines the functional role of the English language as a tool of academic and social distinction. The study shows that English proficiency is directly connected to academic success and the ability to earn a living in the future with English being the gateway for opportunities for success. Code-switching, the behavior of mixing different languages (Russian and English or Urdu language or regional languages). The results highlight the cross-cutting of language, socio-economic status and educational inequality and hint at the necessity of zeroing in inclusive language policies in elite schools so as to guarantee equitable access to academic success.

Education of women has come under focus as a means to transform gender and contribute to sustainable rural development in Pakistan. The aim of this ethnographic research is to explore the role of education in changing gender roles of Basti Rasoolpur, a rural community in south of Punjab. Research is conducted using qualitative approaches such as in-depth interview, participant observation, focus group discussion and informal interaction, examining women's involvement in household decision making, mobility, community involvement and economic life. Results show that education increases women's confidence, autonomy and ability to make a difference in their family's wellbeing, health, money matters and child education. The study reveals evolving attitudes, including greater acceptance of women's mobility and public participation, while maintaining social legitimacy and respectability. The findings show that women’s education strengthens social inclusion, economic resilience, and community development. These outcomes support sustainable rural development and future prosperity. 

Nurses play a key role in health emergency preparedness; however, there is insufficient literature related to nurse disaster readiness in resource-limited and high-risk environments. In GB, which is considered one of the most disaster-prone locations in South Asia, there is no empirically validated scale measuring DNCC. In this paper, a cross-case analysis has been conducted to determine if combinations of Education (EDU), Training (TRN), Organizational Support (ORG) and Structural Barriers (BAR) are necessary and sufficient to generate high or low levels of DNCC in nurses working at public hospitals. Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) was used for data analysis using direct calibration based on percentile. It has been observed that none of the above-mentioned factors alone are sufficient to generate high DNCC. However, combination of different enabling factors can be responsible for high DNCC, while no organizational support has consistently shown up in configurations leading to low DNCC.

In a 21st-century scenario, the Pakistan-Iran equation is becoming more and more influenced by the regional and global dynamics, and India is an important strategic partner. The study discusses the evolving Indian relations with Iran with a particular emphasis on geopolitical competition, energy security, economic cooperation, and regional integration. The Indian involvement in the Chabahar Port project and its broader geopolitical drive in Afghanistan and Central Asia is covered in detail. It examines Pakistan's perception of India's rising influence in Iran and its impact on the bilateral relations and regional security between Iran and Pakistan. It also underscores Iran's policy of balancing the defence of national interests with maintaining good relations with two South Asian competitors.

Menstruation which is most important matter but still is an unattended issue for most of the developed and under developed countries. There is no legislation In Pakistan, there is no provision on this is serious concern for taking step forward to enact any law at federal or even provincial level to recognize this basic and fundamental right of working women. This entitlement of women may be recognized as a ground for leave or accommodation. It is the need of the time that Pakistan should take steps for legislation to acknowledge this fundamental right of working women in Pakistan on International pattern. This research also highlight that such measurement of Government will be encouraged at international level and is practically achievable. 

The 1973 constitution of Pakistan envisages a democratic setup based on parliamentary form of government. The role of the armed forces is also provided under articles 243, 244 and 245. These articles deal with the functions of the armed forces and gives a brief account of the military’s domain. The interpretation of these articles and the ground reality with regard to the armed forces will be discussed at length later on in the assignment. The polity of Pakistan as we know has been overwhelmingly, dominated by the armed forces. The vacuum left in the politics is filled by the armed forces, in this regard former Pakistani General and Director General ISI (DG ISI), Mr. Assad Durrani says that “the military is reluctantly forced into the politics”. If this is the case, then serious questions need to be asked with respect to the competency of the public representatives and the civilian authorities.